{"id":35557,"date":"2026-03-18T14:23:48","date_gmt":"2026-03-18T13:23:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/?p=35557"},"modified":"2026-03-18T14:23:50","modified_gmt":"2026-03-18T13:23:50","slug":"optimiza-tus-aplicaciones-node-j","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/es\/backend-es\/optimiza-tus-aplicaciones-node-j\/","title":{"rendered":"Colas invisibles: el truco de PostgreSQL para gestionar tareas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Este segundo art\u00edculo sobre \u201ccolear sin cola\u201d<\/strong> se centra en una implementaci\u00f3n basada en PostgreSQL. Esta soluci\u00f3n traslada la gesti\u00f3n de colas desde el sistema de nodos hacia la base de datos, donde cuenta con almacenamiento dedicado para guardar el estado de las colas. El protagonista de este post ser\u00e1 pg-boss<\/strong>, una librer\u00eda de NPM que implementa el sistema de colas gracias a pg<\/strong> y PostgreSQL.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

pg-boss<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

pg-boss<\/strong> es una cola de trabajos construida en Node.js sobre PostgreSQL, dise\u00f1ada para proporcionar procesamiento en segundo plano y ejecuci\u00f3n as\u00edncrona confiable en aplicaciones Node.js.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuenta con una API sencilla y ofrece muchas funcionalidades \u00fatiles para manejar colas en nuestro sistema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para trabajar con pg-boss<\/strong>, es necesario permitirle crear un esquema de base de datos personalizado para gestionar las colas. Como veremos pronto, una simple instalaci\u00f3n desde NPM y algunos conocimientos b\u00e1sicos son suficientes para usarlo sin problemas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comenzando con pg-boss<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Para empezar con pg-boss<\/strong>, inst\u00e1lalo en tu proyecto Node.js.
Ya he creado un proyecto sencillo para que sigas el post; lo puedes encontrar aqu\u00ed.
El primer paso simple, despu\u00e9s de hacer el git clone<\/code> y npm install<\/code>, es ejecutar los comandos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

npm install pg pg-boss
npm install -D @types\/pg<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Esos comandos instalan las dependencias en tu proyecto.
Con esto, ya est\u00e1s listo para usar pg-boss<\/strong> en tu proyecto.
Como puedes ver, la configuraci\u00f3n de este paquete es sencilla y f\u00e1cil de hacer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antes de empezar a programar, necesitamos configurar una base de datos PostgreSQL. Ya la he preparado para ti. Si tienes Docker instalado en tu equipo, escribe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
docker compose up -d<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
y tu base de datos estar\u00e1 lista para usar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
Crear la cola<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Primero, necesitas crear una conexi\u00f3n con la base de datos para que pg-boss<\/strong> pueda conectarse a ella. pg-boss<\/strong> simplifica este paso y permite pasar las opciones de conexi\u00f3n.
Crea un archivo en esta ruta:<\/p>\n\n\n
src\/pgBoss.ts<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n
y a\u00f1ade este contenido:<\/p>\n\n\n
import<\/span> PgBoss from<\/span> 'pg-boss'<\/span>;\n  \nconst<\/span> pgBossInstance = new<\/span> PgBoss({\n  host<\/span>: process.env.POSTGRES_HOST!,\n  port<\/span>: Number<\/span>(process.env.POSTGRES_PORT!),\n  user<\/span>: process.env.POSTGRES_USER!,\n  password<\/span>: process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD!,\n  database<\/span>: process.env.POSTGRES_DB!,\n});pgBossInstance.on('error'<\/span>, console<\/span>.error)await<\/span> pgBossInstance.start()export<\/span> default<\/span> pgBossInstance;<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> JavaScript<\/span> (<\/span>javascript<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
Este c\u00f3digo crea una instancia de pg-boss<\/strong> y la conecta a la base de datos. Como puedes ver, crear una instancia de pg-boss<\/strong> es f\u00e1cil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ahora es momento de crear la cola.
Comencemos a\u00f1adiendo el nombre de la cola en el archivo src\/common.ts<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
export const QUEUE_NAME = 'user-creation-queue';<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Es momento de crear tu cola. Crea un nuevo archivo en esta ruta: src\/queue.ts<\/code>, y a\u00f1ade este c\u00f3digo:<\/p>\n\n\n
import<\/span> pgBossInstance from<\/span> \"pgBoss.js\"<\/span>;\nimport<\/span> { QUEUE_NAME, UserCreatedTask } from<\/span> \".\/common.js\"<\/span>;await<\/span> pgBossInstance.createQueue(QUEUE_NAME, {\n  name<\/span>: QUEUE_NAME,\n  retryLimit<\/span>: 2<\/span>\n});export<\/span> function<\/span> enqueueJob<\/span>(job: UserCreatedTask<\/span>) <\/span>{\n  return<\/span> pgBossInstance.send(QUEUE_NAME, job);\n}<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> JavaScript<\/span> (<\/span>javascript<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
Como puedes notar, este c\u00f3digo tambi\u00e9n es f\u00e1cil de entender.
Primero, importas el nombre de la cola. Luego, usando el m\u00e9todo createQueue<\/code>, creas una cola pg-boss<\/strong> con el nombre y un retryLimit<\/code> igual a dos; esto significa que si el mismo mensaje falla dos veces, la cola lo descarta. Si quieres, tambi\u00e9n puedes definir una dead letter queue<\/strong> y encontrar m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n aqu\u00ed.
Por \u00faltimo, se exporta la funci\u00f3n enqueueJob<\/code> para enviar tareas a la cola.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
El \u00faltimo paso es enviar datos a la cola, as\u00ed que ve al archivo src\/index.ts<\/code> y a\u00f1ade estas dos importaciones despu\u00e9s de randomUUID<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n
import<\/span> logger from<\/span> 'logger.js'<\/span>;\nimport<\/span> { enqueueJob } from<\/span> 'queue.js'<\/span>;<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> JavaScript<\/span> (<\/span>javascript<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
y luego reemplaza el TODO<\/code> con el siguiente c\u00f3digo:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
const idTask = await enqueueJob(task);
logger.info(task, `Task with id ${idTask} has been pushed`);<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Este c\u00f3digo permite enviar eventos dentro de la cola.
Prob\u00e9moslo.
Abre la terminal y escribe npm run start<\/code>; el resultado deber\u00eda ser algo como esto:<\/p>\n\n\n
[19<\/span>:07<\/span>:34.036<\/span>] INFO (23215<\/span>): Task with<\/span> id a5a01088-25<\/span>b9-424<\/span>c-8<\/span>a1e-4<\/span>ec1e678ae96 has been pushed\n    id<\/span>: \"8cd828c2-4028-45bb-bea4-6cdaf3627496\"<\/span>\n[19<\/span>:07<\/span>:34.037<\/span>] INFO (23215<\/span>): Task with<\/span> id 92071<\/span>cf5-d278-4654<\/span>-8<\/span>fda-4076763e62<\/span>d1 has been pushed\n    id<\/span>: \"13e6b091-b85e-48ba-9d2c-a376fc5ada8d\"<\/span>\n[19<\/span>:07<\/span>:34.038<\/span>] INFO (23215<\/span>): Task with<\/span> id 1567<\/span>a32b-daa2-43<\/span>f7-a016-2729<\/span>f5511f86 has been pushed\n    id<\/span>: \"0589cb0e-9423-48dc-ab05-85ac560aa886\"<\/span>\n[19<\/span>:07<\/span>:34.039<\/span>] INFO (23215<\/span>): Task with<\/span> id 5<\/span>aecbd45-a6d5-4913<\/span>-816<\/span>f-8<\/span>bb495792569 has been pushed\n    id<\/span>: \"8b0218d1-22eb-4869-9bf8-7d9bc42b84a0\"<\/span>\n[19<\/span>:07<\/span>:34.040<\/span>] INFO (23215<\/span>): Task with<\/span> id adc92a04-ff85-49<\/span>a6-9539<\/span>-ea993b77a31c has been pushed\n    id<\/span>: \"1269f0d5-bbcd-49fd-89d5-7102be8237be\"<\/span><\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> JavaScript<\/span> (<\/span>javascript<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
\u00a1Genial! Acabas de completar la primera parte, y ahora sabes c\u00f3mo enviar datos a una cola pg-boss<\/strong>.
Pasemos al procesamiento.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
Procesando mensajes con pg-boss<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Para procesar los mensajes, ya he preparado un archivo src\/worker.js<\/code>, donde escribir\u00e1s el c\u00f3digo.
Abre el archivo src\/worker.js<\/code> y a\u00f1ade las siguientes importaciones:<\/p>\n\n\n
import<\/span> { setTimeout } from<\/span> \"timers\/promises\"<\/span>;\nimport<\/span> { QUEUE_NAME, UserCreatedTask } from<\/span> \".\/common.js\"<\/span>;\nimport<\/span> pgBossInstance from<\/span> \".\/pgBoss.js\"<\/span>;<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> JavaScript<\/span> (<\/span>javascript<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
y reemplaza el TODO<\/code> con el siguiente c\u00f3digo:<\/p>\n\n\n
pgBossInstance.work<UserCreatedTask>(QUEUE_NAME, async<\/span> ([job]<\/span>) =><\/span> {\n  if<\/span> (!messagesHandled[job.id]) {\n    messagesHandled[job.id] = { retries<\/span>: 0<\/span>, result<\/span>: 'created'<\/span> }; \n } else<\/span> {\n    messagesHandled[job.id].retries++;\n }\n  const<\/span> resultType = Math<\/span>.random() > 0.6<\/span>;\n  const<\/span> fakeImplementation = resultType ? 'success'<\/span> : 'error'<\/span>\n  const<\/span> timeout = fakeImplementation === 'success'<\/span> ? 2000<\/span> : 1000<\/span>;\n  await<\/span> setTimeout(timeout);\n  if<\/span> (fakeImplementation === 'error'<\/span>) {\n    messagesHandled[job.id].result = 'error'<\/span>;\n    printMessagesHandled();\n    const<\/span> message = `User created task got error with id: ${job.id}<\/span>`<\/span>\n    throw<\/span> new<\/span> Error<\/span>(message);\n } else<\/span> {\n    messagesHandled[job.id].result = 'success'<\/span>;\n    printMessagesHandled();\n }\n});<\/code><\/span>Code language:<\/span> JavaScript<\/span> (<\/span>javascript<\/span>)<\/span><\/small><\/pre>\n\n\n
En este c\u00f3digo est\u00e1s simulando el procesamiento de mensajes. Primero, gestionas un mapa con todos los mensajes procesados para imprimir el resultado en la consola. Luego, usando Math.random()<\/code>, determinas si el mensaje falla o tiene \u00e9xito y esperas dos o un segundo seg\u00fan el resultado. Por \u00faltimo, si el mensaje falla, lanzas un error; de lo contrario, imprimes el resultado en la consola (solo para mostrar el resultado de este ejemplo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Como puedes entender, si la funci\u00f3n lanza un error, pg-boss<\/strong> marcar\u00e1 el mensaje como fallido; de lo contrario, se interpretar\u00e1 como completado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ejecutemos el c\u00f3digo con npm run start<\/code>.
El resultado final deber\u00eda verse as\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n
Unique messages handled: 5\n940c9d32-3b83-4034-ba81-3b2d88035305: success (2 retries)\na19a224f-20c1-4481-b54b-81d73b81c691: success (1 retries)\n701f1a33-bde2-4013-9bd3-d4a4e0bedcf7: success (2 retries)\nd00b4a03-2e11-4f05-b2c3-8e60f2efe4f6: success (1 retries)\n6d660781-0fdf-4414-8bc6-d791be0588dc: success (0 retries)<\/code><\/span><\/pre>\n\n\n
Como puedes ver, el sistema ha procesado cinco mensajes en este caso. Algunos tuvieron reintentos, otros no.
\u00a1Perfecto! Ahora tambi\u00e9n aprendiste c\u00f3mo procesar mensajes con pg-boss<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
Conclusi\u00f3n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u00a1Es hora de cerrar este post!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Como puedes ver, trabajar con pg-boss<\/strong> es sencillo; la API es simple y el c\u00f3digo se mantiene simple.
Este enfoque puede ser una excelente soluci\u00f3n si no tienes un sistema de colas espec\u00edfico en tu arquitectura, pero debes prestar atenci\u00f3n a la carga que puede soportar la base de datos para manejar tus colas; por eso, en el siguiente art\u00edculo veremos otra soluci\u00f3n: la soluci\u00f3n que mi equipo eligi\u00f3 para equilibrar rendimiento y simplicidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bueno, eso es todo por pg-boss<\/strong>. Espero que hayas disfrutado del art\u00edculo y nos vemos en el pr\u00f3ximo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00a1Adi\u00f3s! \ud83d\udc4b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
p.d. Puedes encontrar el c\u00f3digo completo del art\u00edculo aqu\u00ed<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Este segundo art\u00edculo sobre \u201ccolear sin cola\u201d se centra en una implementaci\u00f3n basada en PostgreSQL. Esta soluci\u00f3n traslada la gesti\u00f3n de colas desde el sistema de nodos hacia la base de datos, donde cuenta con almacenamiento dedicado para guardar el estado de las colas. El protagonista de este post ser\u00e1 pg-boss, una librer\u00eda de NPM… Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":177,"featured_media":32435,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10606],"tags":[12971,12180],"collections":[13012],"class_list":{"0":"post-35557","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-backend-es","8":"tag-node-js-es","9":"tag-postgresql-es","10":"collections-top-of-the-week-es","11":"entry"},"yoast_head":"\nColas invisibles: el truco de PostgreSQL para gestionar tareas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Este segundo art\u00edculo sobre colear sin cola se centra en una implementaci\u00f3n con PostgreSQL. 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El protagonista de este post ser\u00e1 pg-boss, una librer\u00eda de NPM……","lang":"es","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35557","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/177"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35557"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35557\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35558,"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35557\/revisions\/35558"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35557"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35557"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35557"},{"taxonomy":"collections","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.codemotion.com\/magazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/collections?post=35557"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}